Pulmonary vein isolation balloon catheter

ABSTRACT

The instant disclosure relates to electrophysiology catheters for tissue ablation within a cardiac muscle. In particular, the instant disclosure relates to an electrophysiology catheter that conforms to a shape of a pulmonary vein receiving ablation therapy for a cardiac arrhythmia and produces a consistent tissue ablation line along a length and circumference of the pulmonary venous tissue.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/432,045, filed 9 Dec. 2016.

BACKGROUND a. Field

The instant disclosure relates to catheters; in particular, cathetersfor conducting diagnostics or ablation therapy within a heart. In oneembodiment, the instant disclosure relates to a catheter for treatingcardiac arrhythmias by ablating in the vicinity of pulmonary venoustissue.

b. Background Art

The human heart routinely experiences electrical currents traversing itsmyocardial tissue. Just prior to each heart contraction, the heartdepolarizes and repolarizes, as electrical currents spread through themyocardial tissue. In healthy hearts, the tissue of the heart willexperience an orderly progression of depolarization waves. In unhealthyhearts, such as those experiencing atrial arrhythmia, including forexample, ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrialflutter, the progression of the depolarization wave becomes chaotic.Arrhythmias may persist as a result of scar tissue or other obstacles torapid and uniform depolarization. These obstacles may causedepolarization waves to electrically circulate through some parts of theheart more than once. Atrial arrhythmia can create a variety ofdangerous conditions, including irregular heart rates, loss ofsynchronous atrioventricular contractions, and blood flow stasis. All ofthese conditions have been associated with a variety of ailments,including death.

Catheters are used in a variety of diagnostic and/or therapeutic medicalprocedures to correct conditions such as atrial arrhythmia, includingfor example, ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrialflutter.

Typically in an intravascular procedure, a catheter is manipulatedthrough a patient's vasculature to, for example, a patient's heart, andcarries one or more electrodes which may be used for mapping, ablation,diagnosis, or other treatments. Where an ablation therapy is desired toalleviate symptoms including atrial arrhythmia, an ablation catheterimparts ablative energy to myocardial tissue to create a lesion. Thelesioned tissue is less capable of conducting electrical signals,thereby disrupting undesirable electrical pathways and limiting orpreventing stray electrical signals that lead to arrhythmias. Theablation catheter may utilize ablative energy including, for example,radio frequency (RF), cryoablation, laser, chemical, and high-intensityfocused ultrasound.

The foregoing discussion is intended only to illustrate the presentfield and should not be taken as a disavowal of claim scope.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The instant disclosure relates to electrophysiology catheters forconducting diagnostics or tissue ablation within a heart. In particular,the instant disclosure relates to an electrophysiology catheter thatconforms to a shape of a pulmonary vein receiving therapy for cardiacarrhythmias and produces a consistent tissue ablation line along alength and circumference of the pulmonary venous tissue.

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a medical deviceballoon apparatus. The apparatus including a distal portion with a firstcircumference, a proximal portion, and an intermediary portion. Theproximal portion has a second circumference which is greater than thefirst circumference, and the intermediary portion has a varyingcircumference coupled between the proximal and distal portions of theablation balloon. The distal portion includes a first circumferentiallyextending surface and the proximal portion includes a secondcircumferentially extending surface. Both of the first and secondcircumferentially extending surfaces extending tangential from a radialline extending off a longitudinal axis of the medical device balloonapparatus.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a system fortreating atrial fibrillation is taught. The system includes a balloondelivery catheter with proximal and distal ends, and an ablation ballooncoupled to the distal end of the balloon delivery catheter. The ablationballoon includes distal, proximal, and intermediary portions. The distalportion having a first circumference, and engages with an ostium of apulmonary vein for aligning a longitudinal axis of the ablation balloonwith a second longitudinal axis of the pulmonary vein. The proximalportion has a second circumference which is greater than the firstcircumference. The intermediary portion is coupled between the proximaland distal portions of the ablation balloon, and has a varyingcircumference. At least one of the proximal and intermediary portions ofthe ablation balloon engages with an antrum of the pulmonary vein alongan uninterrupted length and circumference, and delivers a uniformablation therapy to the pulmonary vein antrum.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a balloon catheter isdisclosed for pulmonary vein isolation. The balloon catheter includes acatheter shaft, an ablation balloon, and tissue ablation means. Thecatheter shaft deploys an ablation balloon into a pulmonary vein, whichis coupled to a distal end of the balloon delivery catheter. Theablation balloon deploys from an undeployed configuration and engageswith a tissue wall of the pulmonary vein along an uninterrupted lengthand circumference of an antrum and ostia of the pulmonary vein. Thetissue ablation means, in association with the ablation balloon,delivers a uniform ablation therapy around a circumference of thepulmonary vein antrum engaged by the ablation balloon. The ablationballoon also overcomes a biasing force exerted upon the ablation balloonby the catheter shaft by engaging with the ostia of the pulmonary veinto overcome the biasing force.

The foregoing and other aspects, features, details, utilities, andadvantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from reading thefollowing description and claims, and from reviewing the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various example embodiments may be more completely understood inconsideration of the following detailed description in connection withthe accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic and diagrammatic view of a catheter system forperforming a therapeutic medical procedure, consistent with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional front-view of a portion of a heart with anablation balloon catheter locating a pulmonary vein from within the leftatrium, consistent with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional front-view of a left atrium with an ablationballoon catheter positioned within a pulmonary vein, consistent withvarious aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional front-view of portions of a left atrium anda pulmonary vein with an ablation balloon catheter positioned therein,prior to deployment of the ablation balloon, consistent with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional front-view of a pulmonary vein with anablation balloon catheter deployed therein, consistent with variousaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6A is an isometric side view of an ablation balloon, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6B is a top view of the ablation balloon of FIG. 6A, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6C is a front view of the ablation balloon of FIG. 6A, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7A is an isometric rear view of an ablation balloon, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7B is a top view of the ablation balloon of FIG. 7A, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7C is a front view of the ablation balloon of FIG. 7A, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8A is an isometric side view of an ablation balloon, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8B is a top view of the ablation balloon of FIG. 8A, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8C is a front view of the ablation balloon of FIG. 8A, consistentwith various aspects of the present disclosure.

While various embodiments discussed herein are amenable to modificationsand alternative forms, aspects thereof have been shown by way of examplein the drawings and will be described in detail. It should beunderstood, however, that the intention is not to limit the scope to theparticular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling withinthe scope of the disclosure including aspects defined in the claims. Inaddition, the term “example” as used throughout this application is onlyby way of illustration, and not limitation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The instant disclosure relates to electrophysiology catheters forconducting diagnostics or tissue ablation within a heart. In particular,the instant disclosure relates to an electrophysiology catheter thatconforms to a shape of a pulmonary vein receiving therapy for cardiacarrhythmias, and produces a consistent tissue ablation line along alength and circumference of the pulmonary venous tissue. Details of thevarious embodiments of the present disclosure are described below withspecific reference to the figures.

Typically, ablation therapies have been delivered by making a number ofindividual ablations in a controlled fashion in order to form a lesionline. Such lesion lines are often desirably formed around/between thepulmonary veins in the left atrium of the heart which may introduceerratic electric signals into the heart. This type of ablation therapyrequires precise positioning of the ablation catheter for optimalresults. There are devices in development, or being commercialized, thatattempt to achieve a sufficient block of ablations with minimalapplications of energy. Existing designs range from diagnostic catheterswith hoop and balloon mounted designs with energy applying features.Existing designs suffer from a lack of continuous contact around acircumference and length of the pulmonary vein during therapy deliver,resulting in inconsistent lesion lines and incomplete electrical signalblockage.

Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals are usedto identify similar components in the various views, FIG. 1 is aschematic and diagrammatic view of a catheter ablation system 100 forperforming a tissue ablation procedure. In one example embodiment,tissue 120 comprises cardiac tissue within a human body 140. It shouldbe understood, however, that the system may find application inconnection with a variety of other tissue within human and non-humanbodies, and therefore the present disclosure is not meant to be limitedto the use of the system in connection with only cardiac tissue and/orhuman bodies.

Catheter ablation system 100 may include a catheter 160 and an ablationsubsystem 180 for controlling an ablation therapy conducted by anablation balloon 130 at a distal end 128 of the catheter 160. Theablation subsystem 180 can control the application of and/or generationof ablative energy including, for example, radio frequency (RF), directcurrent (DC), irreversible electroporation, cryoablation, laser,chemical, and high-intensity focused ultrasound. Example embodiments ofsuch ablation subsystems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,449,538,9,289,606, 8,382,689, and 8,790,341,which are hereby incorporated byreference as though fully set forth herein.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, catheter 160 is provided forexamination, diagnosis, and/or treatment of internal body tissue such ascardiac tissue 120. The catheter may include a cable connector orinterface 121, a handle 122, a shaft 124 having a proximal end 126 and adistal end 128 (as used herein, “proximal” refers to a direction towardthe end of the catheter 160 near the handle 122, and “distal” refers toa direction away from the handle 122), and an ablation balloon 130coupled to the distal end 128 of the catheter shaft 124.

Ablation balloon 130 may be manipulated through vasculature of a patient140 using handle 122 to steer one or more portions of shaft 124 andposition the ablation balloon at a desired location (e.g., within aheart muscle). In various embodiments, the ablation balloon includesablation elements (e.g., ablation electrodes, high intensity focusedultrasound ablation elements, super cooled/heated fluid, etc.) that whenoperated by ablation subsystem 180 ablates the tissue 120 in contactwith the ablation balloon 130 (and in some cases tissue in proximity tothe ablation balloon 130 may be ablated by conductive energy transferthrough the blood pool and to the proximal tissue).

In various specific embodiments of the present disclosure, catheter 160may include electrodes and one or more positioning sensors at a distalend 128 of catheter shaft 124 (e.g., electrodes and/or magneticsensors). In such an embodiment, the electrodes acquire EP data relatingto cardiac tissue 120, while the positioning sensor(s) generatepositioning data indicative of the 3-D position of the ablation balloon130. In further embodiments, the catheter 160 may further include otherconventional catheter components such as, for example and withoutlimitation, steering wires and actuators, irrigation lumens and ports,pressure sensors, contact sensors, temperature sensors, additionalelectrodes, and corresponding conductors or leads.

Connector 121 provides mechanical and electrical connection(s) for oneor more cables 132 extending, for example, from ablation subsystem 180to ablation balloon 130. In other embodiments, the connector may alsoprovide mechanical, electrical, and/or fluid connections for cablesextending from other components in catheter system 100, such as, forexample, a fluid source (when the catheter 160 comprises an irrigatedcatheter) and contact/pressure sensing circuitry. The connector 121 isconventional in the art and is disposed at a proximal end 126 of thecatheter 160.

Handle 122 provides a location for a user to hold catheter 160 and mayfurther provide steering or guidance for the shaft 124 within the body140. For example, the handle 122 may include means to manipulate one ormore steering wires extending through the catheter 160 to a distal end128 of the shaft 124, thereby steering the shaft. The handle 122 isconventional in the art and it will be understood that the constructionof the handle may vary. In other embodiments, control of the catheter160 may be automated by robotically driving or controlling the cathetershaft 124, or driving and controlling the catheter shaft 124 using amagnetic-based guidance system.

Catheter shaft 124 is an elongated, tubular, and flexible memberconfigured for movement within a patient's body 140. The shaft supportsan ablation balloon 130 at a distal end 128 of catheter 160. The shaft124 may also permit transport, delivery and/or removal of fluids(including irrigation fluids, cryogenic ablation fluids, and bodyfluids), medicines, and/or surgical tools or instruments. The shaft 124,which may be made from conventional materials used for catheters, suchas polyurethane, defines one or more lumens configured to house and/ortransport electrical conductors, fluids, and/or surgical tools. Thecatheter may be introduced into a blood vessel or other structure withinthe body 140 through a conventional introducer sheath.

In an exemplary cardiac ablation therapy, to correct for atrialarrhythmia, the introducer sheath is introduced through a peripheralvein (typically a femoral vein) and advanced into the right atrium, inwhat is referred to as a transeptal approach. The introducer sheath thenmakes an incision in the fossa ovalis (the tissue wall between the leftand right atriums), and extends through the incision in the fossa ovalisto anchor the introducer sheath in the fossa ovalis. The ablationcatheter 160 may then be extended through a lumen of the introducersheath into the left atrium. Catheter shaft 124 of ablation catheter 160may then be steered or guided through the left atrium to position anablation balloon 130 into a desired location within the left atrium suchas a pulmonary vein.

During cardiac ablation therapy, it is desirable to align the centerlineof ablation balloon 130 with a centerline of an antral and/or proximalostia of a pulmonary vein in which the ablation therapy is to takeplace. Alignment of the ablation balloon is particularly difficult inmany embodiments due to the transeptal approach through the fossa ovaliswhich causes the shaft 124 to be naturally biased toward a right-side ofa patient's body 140. This bias places an additional torque on ablationcatheter system 100, which may result in the ablation balloon, afterplacement within the pulmonary vein, to bias away from the centerline ofthe pulmonary vein. Where the ablation balloon 130 is deployed away fromthe centerline of the pulmonary vein, the deployment may result inuneven contact pressure and corresponding uneven pulmonary vein tissuewall stress. It has been discovered that contact area and tissue strainare associated with decreased ablation therapy efficacy. Aspects of thepresent disclosure improve the efficacy of ablation therapy by moreeffectively positioning the ablation balloon 130 circumferential with acenterline of the pulmonary vein. In more specific embodiments, thedeployed ablation balloon 130 further improves ablation therapy efficacyby having improved contour mapping to the pulmonary vein, therebydeploying and engaging the pulmonary vein along an extended anduninterrupted length and circumference of the ablation balloon 130.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional front-view of a portion of a heart 210 withan ablation balloon catheter 231 locating a pulmonary vein (e.g., 214,216, 218, and 220) from within left atrium 212L, consistent with variousaspects of the present disclosure. Such an approach may be used forperforming atrial fibrillation therapy. As shown in FIG. 2, the cardiacmuscle 210 includes two upper chambers called the left atrium 212L andright atrium 212R, and two lower chambers called the left ventricle andright ventricle (partially visible).

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to ablation therapies inwhich tissue in (or adjacent to) pulmonary veins 214, 216, 218, and 220,which form conductive pathways for electrical signals traveling throughthe tissue, is destroyed in order to electrically isolate sources ofunwanted electrical impulses (arrhythmiatic foci) located in thepulmonary veins. By either destroying the arrhythmiatic foci, orelectrically isolating them from the left atrium 212L, the cause ofatrial fibrillation can be reduced or eliminated.

As shown in FIG. 2, an ablation balloon catheter 231 may be introducedinto the left atrium 212L by an introducer sheath 230. A guidewire 232and a steerable portion of the catheter shaft 234 may guide the ablationballoon 236 once introduced into the left atrium 212L by the introducersheath 230. Optionally, the ablation balloon catheter 231 may includemapping electrodes 240 and 238 at proximal and distal ends,respectively, of ablation balloon 236. In operation, introducer sheath230 has its distal end positioned within left atrium 212L. As shown inFIG. 2, a transeptal approach may be utilized in which introducer sheath230 is introduced through a peripheral vein (typically a femoral vein)and advanced to right atrium 212R. The introducer sheath 230 makes asmall incision into the fossa ovalis 226 which allows the distal end ofthe introducer sheath 230 to enter the left atrium 212L (through thetranseptal wall 224) and to anchor itself to the wall of the fossaovalis 226.

Ablation balloon catheter 231 may also be introduced into left atrium212L through the arterial system. In that case, introducer sheath 230 isintroduced into an artery (such as a femoral artery) and advancedretrograde through the artery to the aorta, the aortic arch, and intothe left ventricle. The ablation balloon catheter 231 is then extendedfrom within a lumen of the introducer sheath 230 to enter the leftatrium 212L through mitral valve 222.

Once introducer sheath 230 is in position within left atrium 212L,steerable ablation balloon catheter 231 is advanced out a distal end ofthe introducer sheath and toward one of the pulmonary veins (e.g., 214,216, 218, and 220). In FIG. 2, the target pulmonary vein is rightsuperior pulmonary vein 214. A guidewire 232 and a steerable portion 234of the ablation balloon catheter are manipulated until the distal tip ofthe ablation balloon catheter is directed toward the ostium of thetarget pulmonary vein, after which the ablation balloon is extended atleast partially into the pulmonary vein.

Carried near a distal end of ablation balloon catheter 231, ablationballoon 236 remains in a collapsed condition so that it may pass throughintroducer sheath 230, and enter target pulmonary vein 214. Once inposition, the ablation balloon 236 is deployed, so that it engages andsecures the ablation balloon catheter 231 in a position axial to thetarget pulmonary vein 214.

As optionally shown, the embodiment of FIG. 2 may include mappingelectrodes 238 and 240. The mapping electrodes 238 and 240 may be ringelectrodes that allow the clinician to perform a pre-deploymentelectrical mapping of the conduction potentials of the pulmonary vein214. Although shown as being carried on ablation balloon catheter 231,mapping electrodes may alternatively be carried on-board a separateelectrophysiology catheter (e.g., such as on-board a loop catheter).

To ablate the tissue, once deployed, ablation balloon 236 mayelectrically conduct a DC energy current into the targeted tissue of thepulmonary vein 214. In other embodiments, the ablation balloon 236 maytransmit radio-frequency energy to ablate the target tissue. In yetother embodiments, the ablation balloon 236 may deliver one or more ofthe following energies to the targeted tissue: cryoablation, laser,chemical, and high-intensity focused ultrasound, among others.

FIG. 3 shows an ablation balloon catheter 331 including an ablationballoon 336 advanced into the ostium of pulmonary vein 314. As theablation balloon catheter 331 enters the pulmonary vein 314, mapping maybe conducted using electrodes 338 (hidden from view) and 340 in order toverify proper location prior to deployment of the ablation balloon 336.

It has been discovered that proper positioning of the ablation balloonwithin the pulmonary vein is critical to the efficacy of an ablationtherapy. For example, if the ablation balloon is not centered axiallywithin the pulmonary vein when inflated, a portion of the ablationballoon may not contact a portion of the pulmonary vein circumference.This portion of non-lesioned tissue will allow for the continuedconduction of electrical signals through the pulmonary vein and into theleft atrium 312L of the heart 310. Non-lesioned tissue greatly impedesthe efficacy of the lesioned tissue to limit the flow of strayelectrical signals that cause arrhythmias. Moreover, the ill-centeredposition and uneven pressure of the ablation balloon within thepulmonary vein 314 may overly-stress pulmonary vein tissue that is incontact with the ablation balloon 336 when inflated, and may alsoreposition the pulmonary vein closer to structures (e.g., phrenic andesophageal nerves) that can be damaged by a nominal lesion depth of theablation therapy. The Applicant has discovered that overly-straining thepulmonary vein tissue results in thin tissue and a deeper lesion thandesired; similarly, under-straining the pulmonary vein tissue results inthicker tissue and a shallower lesion than desired—all of whichdecreases ablation therapy efficacy. Specifically, stressed tissue isless likely to evenly ablate and may even exhibit increased thermalcapacity capability, therefore being capable of absorbing increasedablation energy before necrosis. Accordingly, aspects of the presentdisclosure improve the fit of the ablation balloon 336 within thepulmonary vein 314 with an ablation balloon profile that bettersconforms to the contours of the pulmonary vein between antral and ostialportions thereof. This improved conformance between the inflatedablation balloon 336 and pulmonary vein 314 results in improved ablationtherapy efficacy, and the reduced likelihood that follow-up ablationprocedures will be necessary.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional front-view of portions of a left atrium 412Land a pulmonary vein 414 with an ablation balloon catheter 431positioned therein, prior to deployment of the ablation balloon 436,consistent with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG. 4, the ablation balloon 436 is in position within the pulmonaryvein 414 prior to balloon deployment. In one embodiment of the presentdisclosure, the proper location of the ablation balloon may bedetermined/verified by mapping, prior to deployment of the ablationballoon. As shown in FIG. 4, ostial and antral portions of the pulmonaryvein, 415 and 416 respectively, are irregular and varying in shape alongboth a longitudinal length and a cross-section of the pulmonary vein.Importantly, it has been discovered that many pulmonary veins exhibit anoval cross-sectional shape, as opposed to circular. Where ablationballoons are substantially circular, during inflation certain portionsof the oval cross-sectional shape of the pulmonary vein may be overlystressed, while other portions of the pulmonary vein do not contact theablation balloon limiting efficacy of the ablation therapy. Accordingly,aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an ablation balloonwith a substantially oval shape (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 7A-C). Suchembodiments minimize and unify wall stress along a circumference of thepulmonary veinous tissue.

FIG. 5 shows expanded ablation balloon 536 engaged between ostialportion 515 and antral portion 516 of target pulmonary vein 514. Theexpanded shape of the ablation balloon 536 has three distinct portions,as further discussed in relation to FIGS. 6A-B, and 7A-C, designed tomore precisely match the contours of the pulmonary vein. This distinctshape increases the surface area contact between the pulmonary vein andthe expanded ablation balloon, which consequently greatly improves theefficacy of the ablation therapy (that relies on surface contact betweenthe ablation balloon and pulmonary vein tissue). Without continuouscontact along a circumference of the pulmonary vein, a continuous lesionalong the circumference may not be formed. As a result, stray electricalsignals (though likely decreased in strength) may still be able totravel between the pulmonary vein and left atrium 512L. Accordingly, thepatient may still experience cardiac arrhythmias. As such, continuouscontact along a diameter of the pulmonary vein is necessary tocompletely ablate the pulmonary vein tissue and to mitigate allelectrical signal communication between the pulmonary vein and the leftatrium. To achieve such continuous contact, the present disclosureteaches a multi-contour ablation balloon with at least three distinctportions for more effective ablation therapies.

In its expanded state shown in FIG. 5, ablation balloon 536 engagesinner walls of target pulmonary vein 514. Through one or more ablationprocesses mentioned above, the ablation balloon produces acircumferential zone of ablation 550 along the inner wall of thepulmonary vein between ostial 515 and antral 516 portions. The ablationzone electrically isolates the target pulmonary vein from left atrium512L. To the extent that arrhythmiatic foci were located within theablation zone, the arrhythmiatic foci are destroyed. To the extent thearrhythmiatic foci are located in the target pulmonary vein on theopposite side of the ablation zone from the left atrium, the electricalimpulses produced by those foci are blocked or inhibited by the ablationzone.

In a typical ablation therapy, pulmonary veins are treated in accordanceto their likelihood of having an arrhythmiatic foci. Often, allpulmonary veins are treated. The processes as described for rightsuperior pulmonary vein 514 are similar for each of the three otherpulmonary veins 516, 518, and 520.

Once ablation therapy is complete, ablation balloon 536 may becontracted and ablation balloon catheter 531 may be retracted back intointroducer sheath 330 (as shown in FIG. 3). An electrophysiologycatheter, or electrodes proximal and distal to the ablation balloon, maybe used to verify the efficacy of the therapy prior to removal of theablation balloon catheter 531. In various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, additional electrodes may also be positioned on a surface ofthe ablation balloon 536, either alone, or in conjunction with theelectrodes proximal and distal the ablation balloon.

Ablation balloons have been developed for a variety of differentapplications and take a number of different forms. Aspects of thepresent disclosure may utilize ablation balloons of various types anddifferent mechanical construction. The ablation balloons may be eitherof a conductive or a nonconductive material and can be eitherself-erecting or mechanically erected, such as through the use of aninternal balloon. In one example embodiment, a lumen extending through alength of a shaft 534 of the ablation balloon catheter 531 may inject afluid into the ablation balloon which exerts a radial force on theablation balloon and thereby expands the balloon into an erectconfiguration (as shown in FIG. 5).

In certain specific embodiments, an ablation balloon may consist ofnon-compliant material. In such embodiments, over-expansion of a distalportion of the balloon near an ostial portion of the pulmonary veintissue wall may be prevented where the proximal portion of the balloonhas come into contact with an antral portion of the pulmonary veintissue wall.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are isometric side and top views, respectively, of anablation balloon 600, consistent with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. As shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the ablation balloon includesthree distinct portions that are designed to improve the amount ofsurface area of the ablation balloon contacting the interior of thepulmonary vein. A first portion 605 is designed to mate with an ostialportion of the pulmonary vein. An intermediary portion 610 similarlymates to a transitional portion of the pulmonary vein between the ostialand antral portions. A second portion 615 at a proximal end 601 of theablation balloon mates to an antral portion of the pulmonary vein. Byincluding three distinct contours along a length of the ablationballoon, the ablation balloon is better suited to conform to/with thecontours of the pulmonary vein. As discussed above, contouring thelength of the deployed ablation balloon to better contact the pulmonaryvein is critical to the efficacy of the ablation therapy which requirescontact between the pulmonary vein tissue and the ablation balloon 600.To improve insertion and withdraw characteristics of the ablationballoon catheter, the proximal end 601 and distal end 602 of theablation balloon 600 may also include chamfers or radiuses to minimizesharp corners on the ablation balloon which may catch on an antralportion of the pulmonary vein when being inserted or on the introducersheath when being retracted into a lumen of the sheath.

In one example application of ablation balloon 600 of FIGS. 6A and 6 B,the shape of the ablation balloon may be tailor fit for a specificpatient based on measurements (e.g., ultrasonic images, magneticresonance images, etc.) of the patient's pulmonary vein and entrancethereto. Specifically, based on the measurements of the patient, a shapealong the longitudinal axis of the ablation balloon 600 may be selectedthat mimics the shape of the pulmonary vein (and in some embodiments mayvary along a length of the longitudinal axis). Similarly, the diametersof the various portions of the ablation balloon 600, including a firstportion 605, and an intermediary portion 610 may vary over a length. Forexample, the intermediary portion 610 varies over a length toaccommodate an antral portion of a target pulmonary vein as itintersects with the left atrium.

As shown in FIGS. 6A-6C, and consistent with various embodiments of thepresent disclosure, a first portion 605 of ablation balloon 600 can beinserted into a pulmonary vein, and (when inflated therein) comes intocontact with a length of an ostial portion of the vein. As shown in FIG.6A, the first portion 605 of the ablation balloon 600 can be of asubstantially consistent diameter along a longitudinal axis as thepulmonary vein ostia often maintains a fairly consistent diameter.Intermediary portion 610, when inflated within the pulmonary vein, cancome into contact with a length of an antral portion of the pulmonaryvein. Due to the antral portion of the pulmonary vein being locatedbetween a small diameter of the ostial portion of the pulmonary vein anda large diameter associated with an intersection between the pulmonaryvein and left atrium, the antral portion often exhibits a varyingdiameter over a longitudinal axis of the vein. In some pulmonary veins,this varying diameter may be substantially linear as shown by theintermediary portion 610, as shown in FIG. 6B; in others, theintermediary portion may appear as a radius. The intermediary portionmay also prevent over insertion of the ablation balloon 600 into thepulmonary vein. In one specific example, the ablation balloon 600 may be(partially) inflated before being inserted into the pulmonary vein. Insuch a case, the intermediary portion 610 (and/or second portion 615)acts as a hard-stop upon contacting the antral portion of the pulmonaryvein.

In further example embodiments, ablation balloon 600 may be specific toa particular pulmonary vein. For example, various studies havedetermined average, maximum, and minimum pulmonary vein diameters acrossvarious patient demographics (see Table 1 below). Using such data,ablation balloons for each of the pulmonary veins may be created andswapped out during a therapeutic procedure for atrial fibrillationpatients, for example; increasing efficacy of the ablation procedure.Various other parameters of a pulmonary vein may also be considered totailor custom therapeutic solutions, thereby improving contact betweeneach pulmonary vein and ablation balloon 600. In one specific example,where a range of diameters of a pulmonary vein ostia (e.g., rightsuperior pulmonary vein) are between 15 and 20 millimeters, firstportion 605 of the ablation balloon 600 may have a diameter around 19millimeters to ensure contact (when inflated) between the pulmonary veinand the first portion 605 for most patients, while limiting thepotential for damage to smaller diameter pulmonary veins which may bepermanently damaged by excess wall stress on the pulmonary vein tissue.Moreover, when the tissue is experiencing an excess wall stress, theablation therapy can suffer from decreased efficacy and consistency ofablation.

FIGS. 7A-C show isometric, top, and front views, respectively, of anablation balloon 700, consistent with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. The ablation balloon consists of three distinct portions. Afirst portion 705 is designed to mate with an ostial portion of thepulmonary vein. An intermediary portion 710 includes a constantlyvarying outside diameter that mates to a transitional portion of thepulmonary vein between the ostial and antrum portions. A second portion715 at a proximal end of the ablation balloon 700 includes a constantlyvarying outside diameter that mates to an antral portion of thepulmonary vein. By including three distinct contours along a length ofthe ablation balloon, the ablation balloon exhibits improved conformanceto/with the contours of a target pulmonary vein. Importantly, as afurther measure to improve the fit of the ablation balloon 700 within apulmonary vein, a cross-sectional shape of the ablation balloon issubstantially oval, which Applicant has discovered to more closely mimicthe shape of a typical pulmonary vein. The substantially oval shape ofthe ablation balloon further facilitates uniform ablation therapyapplication within the pulmonary vein by improving the axial centeringof the ablation balloon 700 within the pulmonary vein. Also, duringinflation of the ablation balloon 700, the oval shape of the ablationballoon 700 can self-adjust (e.g., rotate) to properly mate with thecurvature of the pulmonary vein.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, an ablation balloon700 is capable of conducting ablation therapy at more than one locationof the ablation balloon. For example, energy can be delivered to a firstportion 705, an intermediary portion 710, and a second portion 715 ofthe ablation balloon 700. In some embodiments, the first portion 705,the intermediary portion 710, the second portion 715, or combinationsthereof may simultaneously conduct ablation therapy. For example,ablation energy can be applied in series (or in parallel) to the firstportion 705 and the intermediary portion 710. In more specificembodiments, the amount of ablation therapy (e.g., energy transmitted tothe tissue, and the length of therapy) conducted at a tissue locationmay be controlled individually.

In cryoablation specific applications of an ablation balloon catheter, adistal portion of the expanded ablation balloon centers the ablationballoon within a pulmonary vein and anchors it thereto. An intermediaryportion and proximal portion are then cooled to deliver a cryoablationtherapy to an antral portion of the pulmonary vein. Once the ablationtherapy is complete, the ablation balloon is deflated and the ablationballoon is removed from the pulmonary vein.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, an ablation balloonmay include one or more (internal) balloons that may be independentlyinflated. In one exemplary embodiment, a first (internal) balloonpositioned at a proximal end of the ablation balloon may be expanded todeliver ablation therapy circumferentially to the pulmonary vein antrum,and a second (internal) balloon positioned at a distal end of theablation balloon may be expanded to deliver ablation therapycircumferentially to the pulmonary vein ostia. Such (internal) balloonscan relate to portions of the ablation balloons in FIGS. 6 and 7 (e.g.,first portion 705, intermediary portion 710, and second portion 715). Inone specific embodiment, the one or more internal balloons may beencompassed by an external balloon.

One important benefit of the present disclosure is that ablationballoons, consistent herewith, are associated with decreased esophagealand phrenic nerve interaction with the pulmonary vein. Oftentimes, suchinteraction is caused by wall distortion due to expansion of the balloonwithin the pulmonary vein to a diameter greater than an internaldiameter of the pulmonary vein. Preventing interaction between thepulmonary veins and the esophageal and phrenic nerves greatly decreasescomplications related to nerve damage from the ablation therapy.

In one specific application of ablation balloon 700 of FIGS. 7A-C, afirst portion 705 (also referred to as a plug) may be plugged into apulmonary vein, while an intermediary portion 710 (also referred to as aflared end—which may or may not include the second portion 715) conductsa cryoablation therapy. Such a design helps stabilize the balloon 700within the pulmonary vein while improving contact around the pulmonaryvein ostia.

FIGS. 8A-C show isometric, top, and front views, respectively, of anablation balloon 800, consistent with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. The ablation balloon consists of five distinct portions. Adistal portion 802 of the balloon 800 has a radial surface that extendsinto contact with a first longitudinally extending portion 805 designedto mate with an ostial portion of a pulmonary vein. An intermediaryportion 810 includes a (constantly) varying outside diameter that matesto a transitional portion of the pulmonary vein between the ostial andantrum portions. A second longitudinally extending portion 815 may besubstantially spherical and extend to a proximal end 801 of the ablationballoon 800. The second longitudinally extending portion 815 may have aconstantly varying outside diameter. In various embodiments, the secondlongitudinally extending portion 815 may mate with an antral portion ofthe pulmonary vein By utilizing these distinct contours along a lengthof the ablation balloon 800, the ablation balloon may exhibit improvedconformance to/with the contours of a target pulmonary vein. In thepresent embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of the ablation balloon800 is substantially peanut-shaped, which Applicant has discovered tomore closely mimic the shape of a typical pulmonary vein.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to pulmonaryvein isolation balloon designs for optimum therapy delivery.Specifically, the balloon designs disclosed herein may be configured tofacilitate improved energy delivery by better alignment between theballoon and the antral and/or proximal ostia portions of the pulmonaryvein. The various embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any ofthe various balloon-based energy delivery means (such as those discussedin more detail above).

Many cardiac catheter applications utilize the fossa ovalis to enter theheart. Due to the geometry between the fossa ovalis and an entrance tothe pulmonary veins in the left atrium, the catheter shaft willnaturally be biased towards a left side of the patient, puttingpull/torque on the cardiac catheter as it locates (and is positioned incontact with) the pulmonary vein (e.g., for pulmonary vein isolationablation therapy procedures). This biasing force pulls the cathetershaft off the natural centerline of the pulmonary vein being targeted,causing a variation in the forces and contact surface area experiencedbetween the balloon and the pulmonary vein walls. As an example, whenthe biasing force pulls an ablation balloon off the natural centerlineof a target pulmonary vein, the contact surface area and force exertedby the balloon on the side of the pulmonary vein which receives theadditional biasing force will be greater than the other side(s) of theballoon. As a result, the energy delivery of the catheter is tied tocatheter position, and may be one contributor to therapy variation.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be directed tomulti-shape balloons for ostial and antral coverage of pulmonary veingeometry (e.g., two or more geometries). Such multi-shape balloons mayfacilitate centering of the balloon within a pulmonary vein for uniformablation therapy applications, for example. Also, such multi-shapeballoons may enable energy delivery to both antral and ostial portionsof the pulmonary vein simultaneously (due to the increased contactarea)—thereby targeting linear and circumferential conduction paths. Inyet further embodiments, the multi-shape balloons may target energydelivery to distal, mid, or proximal balloon surfaces. The multi-shapeballoon may also utilize a distal length of the balloon to contact anostial portion of the pulmonary vein, facilitating proper centering ofthe balloon in the pulmonary vein, while a proximal length of theballoon in contact with an antrum of the pulmonary vein conducts theablation therapy.

A multi-shape balloon, such as that shown in FIGS. 5 and 6A-C, may benested in a target pulmonary vein with a flare portion (also referred toas an intermediary portion 610) that contacts all around the pulmonaryvein ostia and antrum. When the balloon is plugged into a pulmonaryvein, a flared portion of the balloon may be cooled. Such a designfacilitates balloon stabilization within the pulmonary vein via a firstportion 605 (as shown in FIGS. 6A-C; also referred to as a plug)designed to mate with a circumference of the ostial portion of thepulmonary vein. In specific embodiments, a maximum flare of the balloonmay be 23 millimeters in diameter with a 15 millimeter diameter distalend plug. In yet further more specific embodiments, the balloon may havean oval cross section to facilitate improved nesting in the pulmonaryvein. It has been discovered that many pulmonary veins are oval (or atleast the ostium/antral entrances of the pulmonary vein). Table 1produced below shows the average pulmonary vein ostium diameters.

TABLE 1 Average Pulmonary Vein Ostium Diameters n Maximum, mm Minimum,mm Ratio Range, mm Projected, mm Left superior 38 18.7 ± 2.9 13.9 ± 3.71.4 ± 0.4 1.0-3.0 17.5 ± 2.9 Left inferior 38 15.9 ± 3.1 11.2 ± 3.1 1.5± 0.4 1.0-2.3 15.0 ± 2.7 Both left 76  1.5 ± 0.4* Right superior 42 18.8± 2.7 16.0 ± 2.0 1.2 ± 0.1 1.0-1.5 17.5 ± 2.1 Right inferior 42 17.9 ±2.9 15.1 ± 3.0 1.2 ± 0.2 1.0-1.7 16.9 ± 3.1 Both right 84  1.2 ± 0.1*Left common 4 27.3 ± 6.2 18.7 ± 6.7 1.6 ± 0.5 1.0-2.2 26.5 ± 4.8 Rightmiddle 4  7.6 ± 3.1  5.6 ± 2.1 1.4 ± 0.4 1.0-2.0  7.0 ± 1.9 Dimensionsof pulmonary vein ostia measures with MRA. For each pulmonary vein, themaximal and minimal ostium diameters were measured together with theprojected diameter by using a 45° RAO or LAO view angle for the MRAimages. The ratio between maximal and minimal ostium diameters is ameasure of the ovality of the PV ostia. *Differences in ovality wereonly significant between right and left pulmonary vein ostia (P <0.005). Table downloaded from http://circ.abajournals.org/ on Jun. 4,2014

Using the average diameters in Table 1, above, balloon dimensions may beoptimized to improve fit for a large percentage of the potential patientpopulation. Further, with proper fit between the balloon and thepulmonary vein, the balloon will engage with, and hold in positionbetter, within a pulmonary vein with minimal force during an ablationtherapy, for example. Proper fit may also minimize and unify wallstress/distortion—providing more uniform reaction to various ablationenergy types. With lesser stretching/distortion of the pulmonary veindue to the native spacing dimensions between the balloon and a targetpulmonary vein, the potential for esophageal and phrenic nerveinteraction may be greatly reduced.

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a medical deviceballoon apparatus. The apparatus includes a distal portion with a firstcircumference, a proximal portion, and an intermediary portion. Theproximal portion has a second circumference which is greater than thefirst circumference, and the intermediary portion has a varyingcircumference coupled between the proximal and distal portions of theablation balloon. The distal portion includes a first circumferentiallyextending surface and the proximal portion includes a secondcircumferentially extending surface. Both of the first and secondcircumferentially extending surfaces extend ing tangential from a radialline extending off a longitudinal axis of the medical device balloonapparatus.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a system fortreating atrial fibrillation is taught. The system includes a balloondelivery catheter with proximal and distal ends, and an ablation ballooncoupled to the distal end of the balloon delivery catheter. The ablationballoon includes distal, proximal, and intermediary portions. The distalportion has a first circumference, and engages with an ostium of apulmonary vein for aligning a longitudinal axis of the ablation balloonwith a second longitudinal axis of the pulmonary vein. The proximalportion has a second circumference which is greater than the firstcircumference. The intermediary portion is coupled between the proximaland distal portions of the ablation balloon, and has a varyingcircumference. At least one of the proximal and intermediary portions ofthe ablation balloon engages with an antrum of the pulmonary vein alongan uninterrupted length and circumference, and delivers a uniformablation therapy to the pulmonary vein antrum.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a balloon catheter isdisclosed for pulmonary vein isolation. The balloon catheter includes acatheter shaft, an ablation balloon, and tissue ablation means. Thecatheter shaft deploys an ablation balloon into a pulmonary vein, whichis coupled to a distal end of the balloon delivery catheter. Theablation balloon deploys from an undeployed configuration and engageswith a tissue wall of the pulmonary vein along an uninterrupted lengthand circumference of an antrum and ostia of the pulmonary vein. Thetissue ablation means, in association with the ablation balloon,delivers a uniform ablation therapy around a circumference of thepulmonary vein antrum engaged by the ablation balloon. The ablationballoon also overcomes a biasing force exerted upon the ablation balloonby the catheter shaft by engaging with the ostia of the pulmonary veinto overcome the biasing force.

Based upon the above discussion and illustrations, those skilled in theart will readily recognize that various modifications and changes may bemade to the various embodiments without strictly following the exemplaryembodiments and applications illustrated and described herein. Forexample, a deployed ablation balloon, consistent with aspects of thepresent disclosure, may consist of a number of varying geometries basedon imaging data indicative of the internal dimensions of a patient'stargeted pulmonary vein. In such an embodiment, the deployed ablationballoon engages the targeted pulmonary vein along an uninterruptedlength and circumference of the ablation balloon to maximize theefficacy of the ablation therapy. Such modifications do not depart fromthe true spirit and scope of various aspects of the disclosure,including aspects set forth in the claims.

Although several embodiments have been described above with a certaindegree of particularity to facilitate an understanding of at least someways in which the disclosure may be practiced, those skilled in the artcould make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure and the appendedclaims. It is intended that all matter contained in the abovedescription or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpretedas illustrative only and not limiting. Accordingly, the examples andembodiments herein should not be construed as limiting the scope of thedisclosure. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departingfrom the present teachings. The foregoing description and followingclaims are intended to cover all such modifications and variations.

Various embodiments are described herein of various apparatuses,systems, and methods. Numerous specific details are set forth to providea thorough understanding of the overall structure, function,manufacture, and use of the embodiments as described in thespecification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It will beunderstood by those skilled in the art, however, that the embodimentsmay be practiced without such specific details. In other instances,well-known operations, components, and elements may not have beendescribed in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments described inthe specification. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understandthat the embodiments described and illustrated herein are non-limitingexamples, and thus it can be appreciated that the specific structuraland functional details disclosed herein may be representative and do notnecessarily limit the scope of the embodiments, the scope of which isdefined solely by the appended claims.

The terms “including,” “comprising” and variations thereof, as used inthis disclosure, mean “including, but not limited to,” unless expressspecified otherwise. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the,” as used in thisdisclosure, means “one or more,” unless expressly specified otherwise.

Reference throughout the specification to “various embodiments,” “someembodiments,” “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or the like, means thata particular feature, structure, or characteristic described inconnection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment.Thus, appearances of the phrases “in various embodiments,” “in someembodiments,” “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” or the like, inplaces throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring tothe same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures,or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments. Thus, the particular features, structures, orcharacteristics illustrated or described in connection with oneembodiment may be combined, in whole or in part, with the features,structures, or characteristics of one or more other embodiments withoutlimitation.

Although process steps, method steps, algorithms, or the like, may bedescribed in a sequential order, such processes, methods, and algorithmsmay be configured to work in alternative orders. In other words, anysequence or order of steps that may be described does not necessarilyindicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. Thesteps of the processes, methods, and algorithms described herein may beperformed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performedsimultaneously.

When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readilyapparent that more than one device or article may be used in place of asingle device or article. Similarly, where more than one device orarticle is described herein, it will be readily apparent that a singledevice or article may be used in place of the more than one device orarticle. The functionality or the features of a device may bealternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are notexplicitly described as having such functionality or features.

It will be appreciated that the terms “proximal” and “distal” may beused throughout the specification with reference to a clinicianmanipulating one end of an instrument used to treat a patient. The term“proximal” refers to the portion of the instrument closest to theclinician and the term “distal” refers to the portion located furthestfrom the clinician. However, surgical instruments may be used in manyorientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to belimiting and absolute. All other directional or spatial references(e.g., upper, lower, upward, downward, left, right, leftward, rightward,top, bottom, above, below, vertical, horizontal, clockwise, andcounterclockwise) are only used for identification purposes to aid thereader's understanding of the present disclosure, and do not createlimitations, particularly as to the position, orientation, or use of thedisclosure. Joinder references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, andthe like) are to be construed broadly and may include intermediatemembers between a connection of elements and relative movement betweenelements. As such, joinder references do not necessarily infer that twoelements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other.

Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or inpart, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein isincorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated materialsdoes not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or otherdisclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to theextent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth hereinsupersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference.Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated byreference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions,statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only beincorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between thatincorporated material and the existing disclosure material.

What is claimed is:
 1. A medical device balloon apparatus, the apparatuscomprising: a distal portion with a first circumference; a proximalportion with a second circumference which is greater than the firstcircumference; and an intermediary portion coupled between the proximaland distal portions, with a varying circumference along a longitudinalaxis of the medical device balloon apparatus; and wherein the distalportion includes a first circumferentially extending surface and theproximal portion includes a second circumferentially extending surface,both of the first and second circumferentially extending surfacesextending tangential from a radial line extending off the longitudinalaxis.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the distal portion isconfigured to axially align the longitudinal axis of the medical deviceballoon apparatus with a pulmonary vein by engaging with an ostium ofthe pulmonary vein.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one ofthe proximal, and intermediary portions is configured to engage with anuninterrupted length and circumference of an antrum of the pulmonaryvein and deliver a tissue ablation therapy along the antrum of thepulmonary vein.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein at least the distal,and intermediary portions are configured to engage with both an ostiumand antrum of a pulmonary vein along an uninterrupted length andcircumference of the pulmonary vein.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1,further including a catheter shaft coupled to a proximal end of theproximal portion, and wherein the distal portion is configured toovercome a biasing force exerted upon the medical device balloonapparatus by the catheter shaft by engaging with an ostia of thepulmonary vein to overcome the biasing force exerted.
 6. A system fortreating atrial fibrillation, the system comprising: a balloon deliverycatheter including proximal and distal ends; and an ablation ballooncoupled to the distal end of the balloon delivery catheter, andincluding a distal portion with a first circumference, the distalportion configured to engage with an ostium of a pulmonary vein foraligning a first longitudinal axis of the ablation balloon with a secondlongitudinal axis of the pulmonary vein, a proximal portion with asecond circumference which is greater than the first circumference, andan intermediary portion coupled between the proximal and distal portionsof the ablation balloon, with a varying circumference along a length ofthe first longitudinal axis; and wherein at least one of the proximaland intermediary portions of the ablation balloon is configured toengage with an antrum of the pulmonary vein along an uninterruptedlength and circumference, and deliver a uniform ablation therapy to thepulmonary vein antrum.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the ablationballoon is configured to deliver a consistent ablation therapy deliveryalong the uninterrupted length and circumference of the pulmonary veinantrum.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the ablation balloon includesfirst and second balloons that are configured to be independentlyinflated, the first balloon positioned at a proximal end of the ablationballoon and further configured to deliver ablation therapycircumferentially to the pulmonary vein antrum, and the second balloonpositioned at a distal end of the ablation balloon and furtherconfigured to deliver ablation therapy circumferentially to thepulmonary vein ostia.
 9. The system of claim 6, wherein a cross-sectionof the ablation balloon is an oval shape, the oval shape of the ablationballoon configured to prevent stretching of pulmonary vein tissue inresponse to inflation of the balloon.
 10. The system of claim 9, whereinthe ablation balloon is further configured to minimize and unify wallstress along a circumference of the pulmonary vein tissue.
 11. Thesystem of claim 6, wherein the ablation balloon consists ofnon-compliant material and is configured to prevent over-expansion ofthe distal portion in response to the intermediary portion of theballoon contacting an antrum of the pulmonary vein.
 12. The system ofclaim 6, wherein the ablation balloon ablates tissue using one or moreof the following: cryogenic fluid ablation, laser energy, radiofrequencyenergy, microwave energy, irreversible electroporation, chemicalreaction, and high-intensity focused ultrasound.
 13. A balloon catheterfor pulmonary vein isolation comprising: a catheter shaft configured todeploy an ablation balloon into a pulmonary vein; the ablation ballooncoupled to a distal end of the catheter shaft, and configured to deployfrom an undeployed configuration; engage a tissue wall of the pulmonaryvein along an uninterrupted length and circumference of an antrum of thepulmonary vein; a tissue ablation means configured with the ablationballoon to deliver a uniform ablation therapy to the antrum of thepulmonary vein engaged by the ablation balloon; and wherein the ablationballoon is further configured to overcome a biasing force exerted uponthe ablation balloon by the catheter shaft by engaging with the ostia ofthe pulmonary vein to overcome the biasing force exerted.
 14. Theballoon catheter of claim 13, wherein the tissue ablation means includesone or more of the following: cryoablation, laser energy, radiofrequencyenergy, microwave energy, irreversible electroporation, chemicalreaction, and high-intensity focused ultrasound.
 15. The ballooncatheter of claim 13, wherein the ablation balloon includes a distalportion with a first circumference, a proximal portion with a secondcircumference which is greater than the first circumference, and anintermediary portion coupled between the proximal and distal portions ofthe ablation balloon, with a varying circumference along a longitudinalaxis of the ablation balloon; and the distal portion configured toengage with an ostia of a pulmonary vein, and at least one of theproximal and intermediary portions configured to engage with anuninterrupted length and circumference of an antrum of the pulmonaryvein and deliver a tissue ablation therapy to the antrum.
 16. Theballoon catheter of claim 13, wherein the tissue ablation means isconfigured to deliver tissue ablation therapy simultaneously at theantral and ostial portions of the pulmonary vein.
 17. The ballooncatheter of claim 16, wherein the ablation balloon includes first andsecond balloons configured to be independently inflated, the firstballoon positioned at a proximal end of the ablation balloon andconfigured to deliver ablation therapy circumferentially to thepulmonary vein antrum, and the second balloon positioned at a distal endof the ablation balloon configured to deliver ablation therapycircumferentially to the pulmonary vein ostia.
 18. The balloon catheterof claim 13, wherein a cross-section of the ablation balloon is an ovalshape, the oval shape of the ablation balloon configured to preventstretching of pulmonary vein tissue in response to deployment of theballoon.
 19. The balloon catheter of claim 18, wherein the ablationballoon is further configured to minimize and unify wall stress along acircumference of the pulmonary vein tissue.